Global significance of wind forcing on deflecting sediment plumes at river mouths: Implications for hyperpycnal flows, sediment transport, and provenance
Keywords:
Deflecting sediment plume, Elwha River, Hyperpycnal flows, Paleocurrents, Sediment transport, Tropical cyclone, Wind forcingAbstract
Abstract: This review, based on sediment plumes at the mouths of 29 rivers worldwide, has revealed that sediment (density) plumes are commonly deflected away from the normal downslope direction in 18 out of 29 cases. These deflected sediment plumes have been documented at the mouths of Brisbane, Congo, Connecticut, Dart, Ebro, Eel, Elwha, Fonissa, Guadalquivir, Krishna-Godavari, Mississippi, Monros, Rio de la Plata, Pearl, Rhone, Tiber, Yellow, and Yangtze rivers. As a consequence, current directions change drastically and sediment distribution occurs on only one side of river mouths. In these cases, sediment transport is diverted by a plethora of 22 oceanographic, meteorological, and other external factors. Empirical data show that wind forcing is the most dominant factor. Other influencing factors are tidal currents, ocean currents, and coastal upwelling. Deflection of sediment plumes defies the conventional use of paleocurrent directions in determining sediment transport and provenance in the ancient sedimentary record. Failure to recognize deflected sediment plumes in the rock record could result in construction of erroneous depositional models with economic implications for reservoir prediction in petroleum exploration.
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References
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Li, G.X., Tang, Z.S., Yue, S.H., Zhuang, K.L., and Wei, H.L., (2001). Sedimentation in the shear front off the Yellow River mouth. Continental Shelf Research, 21 (6–7), 607–625.
Liu, J.P., Li, A.C. Xu, K.H. Velozzi, D.M. Yang, Z.S. Milliman, J.D. and DeMaster. D.J. (2006). Sedimentary features of the Yangtze River-derived along-shelf clinoform deposit in the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 26, 2141–2156.
Luo, Z., Zhu, J. Wu, H. and Li. X. (2017). Dynamics of the sediment plume over the Yangtze Bank in the Yellow and East China Seas. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122: 10,073–10,090 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013215.
Manca, F., Capelli, G., La Vigna, F., Mazza, R., and Pascarella, A., (2014). Wind-induced salt-wedge intrusion in the Tiber River mouth (Rome-Central Italy). Environmental Earth Sciences, 72 (4), 1083-1095
Matano, R.P., Palma, E.D. and Piola. A.R. (2010). The influence of the Brazil and Malvinas Currents on the southwestern Atlantic shelf circulation. Ocean Science, 6, 983–995.
Mazumder, R. (Ed.), (2016). Sediment Provenance: Influences on Compositional Change from Source to Sink. Elsevier, 614 p.
McPherson, J.G., Shanmugam, G. and Moiola. R.J. (1987). Fan-deltas and braid deltas: Varieties of coarse-grained deltas. GSA Bulletin, 99, 331–340.
Middleton, G.V., and Hampton, M.A., 1973. Sediment gravity flows: mechanics of flow and deposition. In: Middleton, G.V., Bouma, A.H. (Eds.), Turbidites and Deep-Water Sedimentation. SEPM, Anaheim, CA, pp. 1-38. SEPM Pacific section Short Course.
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Mikhailov, V.N., Kravtsova, V.I. and Isupova. M.V. (2015). Impact of reservoirs on the hydrological regime and morphology of the lower reaches and delta of the Zambezi River (Mozambique). Water Resources, 42 (2), 170–185.
Milli, S., et al. (2013). The transition from wave-dominated estuary to wave-dominated delta: The Late Quaternary stratigraphic architecture of Tiber River deltaic succession (Italy). Sedimentary Geology, 284, 159-180.
Milliff, R. F., Morzel, J., Chelton, D. B., and Freilich, M. H., (2004). Wind Stress Curl and Wind Stress Divergence Biases from Rain Effects on QSCAT Surface Wind Retrievals. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 21, 8, 1216-1231.
Mulder, T., Migeon, S., Savoye, B. and Faugères, J.-C. (2002). Reply to discussion by Shanmugam on Mulder et al. (2001, Geo-Marine Letters, 21, 86–93) Inversely graded turbidite sequences in the deep Mediterranean. A record of deposits from flood-generated turbidity currents? Geo-Marine Letters, 22, 112–120.
Mulder, T., Syvitski, J.M., Migeon, S., Faugeres, J.-C., and Savoye, B., (2003). Marine hyperpycnal flows: initiation, behavior and related deposits: a review. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 20, 861-882.
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Published
2019-12-31
How to Cite
G, S. (2019). Global significance of wind forcing on deflecting sediment plumes at river mouths: Implications for hyperpycnal flows, sediment transport, and provenance. Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists (peer Reviewed), 36(2), 1–37. Retrieved from http://journal.indiansedimentologists.com/ojs/index.php/1/article/view/74
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