100 years of the Divine Teacher - Student relationship among the three Generations of Indian Geoscientists (1920s – 2020s): A remarkable Story of Knowledge transfer from T. N. Muthuswami Iyer “TNM” through A. Parthasarathy to G. Shanmugam and beyond

Shanmugam G

doi:10.51710/jias.v1i1.221

Authors

Shanmugam G

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51710/jias.v1i1.221

Keywords:

Annamalai University, Atomic Minerals Directorate (AMD), IIT Bombay, Ohio University, University of Tennessee, Mobil, Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL), Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), PetroChina, Presidency College, Sagar University, Geological Survey of India (GSI), Knowledge transfer, C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, T. N. Muthuswami Iyer (TNM), A. Parthasarathy, G. Shanmugam

Abstract

The divine teacher-student relationship that covers 100 years of knowledge transfer is the underpinning of this remarkable personal story. Importantly, this narrative is about an Indian genius and a geologic pioneer, Professor T. N. Muthuswami Iyer, known as TNM. The first generation (1920s-1960s) TNM began his teaching career as a crystallographer and a mineralogist at the University of Madras-Gundy Campus (Chennai) in 1924, and continued at the Presidency College (Madras), Sager University (Madhya Pradesh), and Annamalai University (Tamil Nadu). One of his early students at Presidency was A. Parthasarathy, who later studied at the Imperial College in London (UK) and earned his Ph.D. in Engineering Geology from the London University (UL) in 1954. The second generation (1940s-1980s) Prof. Parthasarathy became the Head of Applied Geology section in the Civil Engineering Department at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay in 1964. The third generation (1960s-2020s) G. Shanmugam earned his B.Sc. in Geology and Chemistry from Annamalai University with a First Class (1965) and started teaching science in a local high school in his hometown of Sirkazhi, Tamil Nadu. TNM, who was the Head of Geology at Annamalai University in 1965, motivated G. Shanmugam to quit his teaching job and pursue M.Sc. in Applied Geology at IIT Bombay. Shanmugam earned his M.Sc. in Applied Geology at IIT Bombay under the guidance of Prof. Parthasarathy. Education and training at IIT Bombay propelled Shanmugam to receive his second M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in the USA. His Ph.D. research under the guidance of Prof. Kenneth R. Walker at University of Tennessee on Ordovician tectonics and sedimentation in the Southern Appalachians led to securing a research position with Mobil Oil Company in Dallas, Texas in 1978. Because of his global research on multiple domains while at Mobil and as post-retirement consultant since 2000 for oil companies in India and China, Shanmugam has to his credit 382 published works that include three Elsevier books on process sedimentology and petroleum geology, with the first two books were translated into Chinese language. He has authored 6 invited Encyclopedia Chapters for Elsevier and McGraw Hill Book Companies and has delivered 89 lectures worldwide during 1980-2021 period. He won the top "Special Prize" from Springer Journal of Palaeogeography in 2020 for "Excellent Papers" based on Science Citation Index (SCI) of five articles published during 2012-2018. Shanmugam's efforts in knowledge transfer during the COVID-19 global pandemic included giving virtual lectures on Zoom, Google Meet, and WebEx platforms to academia (e.g., Royal Holloway, University of London, IIT Bombay, and Ohio University). Shanmugam organized 23 onsite workshops on "Deep-water sandstone petroleum reservoirs" worldwide, which included (1) the UK Government Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Edinburgh, UK, (2) Reliance Industries Ltd., Kakinada, India, (3) Hardy Oil, Chennai, India, (4) Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Mumbai and Kajuraho, India, (5) Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, (6) Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED) of PetroChina, Beijing, China, and (7) China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China. The T. N. Muthuswami - A. Parthasarathy - G. Shanmugam lineage, spanning over 100 years, is unique and phenomenal in knowledge transfer among geoscientists. On the economic front, TNM and his lineages contributed directly to the petroleum, atomic mineral, cement, gemstone, and geothermal energy industries, among many others. The acronym "TNM" for T. N. Muthuswami Iyer is just perfect for a Transformational, Neoteric and a Motivating teacher and a noble soul!

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Bagnold, R.A. (1962). Auto-suspension of transported sediment. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 265, 315–319.

Banerjee, S., Bansal, U., and Thorat, A. (2016). A review on palaeogeographic implications and temporal variation in glaucony composition. Journal of Palaeogeography, 5, 43-71.

Bhaskar Rao, B. (1986). Metamorphic petrology.CRC Press. p. 190.

Chandrasekharam, D., and Bundschuh, J. (Eds.). (2002). Geothermal Energy Resources for Developing Countries. AA Balkema Pub., The Netherlands. pp. 412.

Chatterjee, A., Ray, J.S., Shukla, A.D., Pande, K., (2019). On the existence of a perennial river in the Harappan heartland. Sci. Rep., 9, 17221. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53489-4.

Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A., and Zussman, J. (1966). An Introduction to Rock-Forming Minerals. John Wiley & Sons. New York, p. 525.

Hollister, C. D. (1967). Sediment Distribution and Deep Circulation in the Western North Atlantic (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation). Columbia University, New York, p. 467.

Howie, R. A. (1955}. Chapter "XVIII.—The Geochemistry of the Charnockite Series of Madras, India. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 62 , Issue 3, 725 - 768. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800009431

Jadhav G.N., Panchapakesan V. and Sahu K.C. (1988). Fluid-melt inclusion studies of pegmatites in and around Dhab, Hazaribagh district, Bihar, India. Proceedings of the Seventh Quadrennial IAGOD symposium, E. Schweizerbart Scheverlagsbuchhandlung (N.U. Obermiller), D-7000, Stuttgart 1, Germany, pp.203-212.

Jadhav G. N., Panchapakesan V. and Sahu K.C. (1993). Role of fluid inclusions in Mineral Exploration – An attempt on Bihar Mica Belt of India. Non-renewable resources, U.S.A., No.2, Summer 1993, 156-166.

Jadhav, G. N., Sharma, N., and Sen, P. (2012): Characterization of bauxite deposits from Kachchh Area, Gujarat. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 80 (3), 351-362

Jamison, S.W., (2014). The Rigveda: 3 Volume Set. Oxford University Press, UK, p. 1728.

Karcz, I., and Shanmugam, G. (1974). Decrease in Scour Rate of Fresh Deposited Muds. Proc. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). J. Hydraulics Division, 100 (HY11), 1735–1738.

Kirkland, D.W., Anderson, R.Y. (1970). Microfolding in the Castile and Todilto Evaporites, Texas and New Mexico. GSA Bulletin, 81, 3259–3282.

Kumar, N. (2018). Petroleum Potential of the West Coast of India. Jour. Indian Association of Sedimentologists, Vol. 35, No. 2 (2018) Special Issue dedicated to George Devries Klein in celebrating his life and achievements pp 33 – 49.

Mahadevan, T.M. (1994). Deep continental structure of India: a review. Mem. Geol. Soc. India, No.28, p. 569.

Mahadevan, T.M. (2002) Geology of Bihar and Jharkhand. Geol. Soc. India, Bangalore, 569p.

Mahadevan, T.M. (2003) Geological evolution of South Indian Shield - Constraints on modeling. Mem. Geol. Soc. India, No.50, 25-46.

Mahadevan, T. M. (2014). Book Review: "Seismic Signatures of the Indian Continental Crust and Neighbouring Regions" by B. Rajendra Prasad and Harish C. Tewari. BS Publications, Hyderabad, 2014, 224p". Jour. Geol. Society of India, 84(1), 120.

Mahadevan, T.M. and Maithani, J.B.P. (1966) Geology and petrology of the mica-pegmatites in parts of the Bihar Mica Belt. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, 93, p. 114.

Marr, J.G., Harff, P.A., Shanmugam, G., and Parker, G. (2001). Experiments on subaqueous sandy gravity flows: the role of clay and water content in flow dynamics and depositional structures. GSA Bulletin, 113, 1377–1386.

Mazumdar, R. C. (1994). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass; 8th reprint edition (December 30, 1994). ISBN-10 ? : ? 812080435X. p. 538

McPherson, J.G., and Shanmugam, G., Moiola, R.J. (1987). Fan-deltas and braid deltas: varieties of coarse-grained deltas. Geol. Soc. America Bulletin, 99, 331–340.

Muthuswami, T. N. (1949). Sapphirine-Madura. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci . v. 30A, pp. 295-301.

Muthuswami, T. N. (1950). Sapphirine (Madura) — Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A, 30, 6, 295-301.

Muthuswami, T. N. (1951). Scapolite calc-granulite. Pallavaram, Madras Univ. Jour., 21, Section B.

Muthuswami, T. N. (1953). Amphibolite-granulite facies charnockites. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Section A, 37, 730–746. Springer Link.

Muthuswami, T. N and Gnanasekaran, R, (1962). The structure and phase-petrology of the metamorphic complex Devadanappatti, Madurai District Jour Annamalai Uni., 23, 183- 197.

Oldham, C.F., (1874). Notes on the lost river of the India Desert. Calcutta Rev., 59, 1e27.

Olivelle, P. (1998). The Early Upanisads. Oxford University Press. ISBN-10 ?: ?0195124359. p. 704.

Parpola, Asko (2015), The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization, Oxford University Press. ISBN-10 ? : ? 0190226927. p. 384.

Parthasarathy, A., and Shanmugam, G. (1969). Sedimentologic characteristics and their significance studies on Bagh Sandstones in and around Tankhala, Gujarat State: Proc. 56th Session of Indian Science Congress Association, Part 3, Section V, p. 209.

Parthasarathy, A., Asokan, S., and Tamhane, C. V., (1977). Sedimentalogical Aspects of Kaladgis around Pachhapur & Manali, Belgaum District. The Indian Mineralogist, 18, 79 - 84.

Parthasarathy, A., Panchapakesan, V., and Nagarajan, R. (2013). Engineering Geology. Wiley India, New Delhi, p. 532.

Racki, G. (2003). "Hot" articles in modern sedimentary research: Updated list. IAS Newsletter, 187, August 2003, 3-5.

Ramkumar, T. (2016). Coastal Groundwater-Modern Observations, No 45a, Orchid Books Pvt.Ltd, Kumarasamy Nagar, Villivakkam, Chennai - 600049, 1-194.

Sanders, J.E. (1965). Primary sedimentary structures formed by turbidity currents and related resedimentation mechanisms. In: Middleton, G.V. (Ed.), Primary Sedimentary Structures and Their Hydrodynamic Interpretation, 12. SEPM Special Publication, pp. 192–219.

Shanmugam, G. (1968). Geology of Tankhala Area, Gujarat State: Bombay, India: Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology: Unpublished M.Sc. Dissertation in Applied Geology, IIT, Bombay, India, p. 84.

Shanmugam, G. (1970), ACE Language computer program for moment statistics in size shape studies of sedimentary particles: Geol. Bull. of Civil Engineering Dept., Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, 1, 13 17.

Shanmugam, G. (1972). Petrographic Study of Simpson Group (Ordovician) Sandstones, Southern Oklahoma. Ohio University: Unpublished M.S. Thesis in Geology, Athens, Ohio, p. 85.

Shanmugam, G. (1978). The Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Tectonics of the Middle Ordovician Sevier Shale Basin in East Tennessee (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation). The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, p. 222.

Shanmugam, G. (1980). "Petroleum Development Geology" by Parke A. Dickey: AAPG Bull. v. 64, pp. 2040 2041.

Shanmugam, G. (1985a), Significance of coniferous rain forests and related Organic matter in generating commercial quantities of oil, Gippsland basin, Australia: AAPG Bulletin, 69, 1241 1254.

Shanmugam, G. (1985b). Ophiolite source rocks for Taconic age flysch: Trace element evidence: Discussion: Geol. Soc. America Bulletin, 96, 1221 1222.

Shanmugam, G. (1985c). Types of porosity in sandstones and their significance in interpreting provenance. In: Zuffa, G.G. (Ed.), Provenance of Arenites. D. Reidel Publishing Company, pp. 115–137.

Shanmugam, G. (1988). Origin, recognition and importance of erosional unconformities in sedimentary basins. In: Kleinspehn, K.L., Paola, C. (Eds.), New Perspectives in Basin Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 83-108.

Shanmugam, G. (1990a). Deep-marine facies models and the interrelationship of depositional components in time and space. In: Brown, G.C., Gorsline, D.S., Schweller, W.J. (Eds.), Deep-Marine Sedimentation: Depositional Models and Case Histories in Hydrocarbon Exploration & Development, vol. 66. SEPM Pacific Section Short Course, San Francisco, CA, pp. 199–246.

Shanmugam, G. (1990b). Porosity prediction in sandstones using erosional unconformities. In: Meshri, I.D., Ortoleva, P.J. (Eds.), Prediction of Reservoir Quality Through Chemical Modelling. AAPG Memoir, pp. 1–23

Shanmugam, G. (1992). Submarine canyons. 7th Edition of Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp. 548–552.

Shanmugam, G. (1996). High-density turbidity currents: are they sandy debris flows? J. Sediment. Research, 66, 2–10.

Shanmugam, G. (1997). The Bouma Sequence and the turbidite mind set. Earth-Science Reviews, 42, 201–229.

Shanmugam, G. (2000). 50 years of the turbidite paradigm (1950s–1990s): deep-water processes and facies models––a critical perspective. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 17, 285–342.

Shanmugam, G. (2001). Book Review: “Fine-Grained Turbidite Systems” edited by A.H. Bouma and C.G. Stone: Episodes, v. 24, no. 4, p. 284 (2001)

Shanmugam, G. (2002a). Ten turbidite myths. Earth-Science Reviews, 58, 311–341.

Shanmugam, G. (2002b). Book Review: “Fine-grained turbidite systems” edited by A.H. Bouma and C.G. Stone:American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, vol. 86, No. 6, pp.1133-1134 (June, 2002).

Shanmugam, G. (2003). Deep-marine tidal bottom currents and their reworked sands in modern and ancient submarine canyons. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 20, 471–491.

Shanmugam, G. (2006a). Deep-Water Processes and Facies Models: Implications for Sandstone Petroleum Reservoirs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 476.

Shanmugam, G. (2006b). The tsunamite problem. J. Sedimentary Research, 76, 718–730.

Shanmugam, G. (2007). The obsolescence of deep-water sequence stratigraphy in petroleum geology. Indian Journal of Petroleum Geology, 16(1), 1–45.

Shanmugam, G. (2008a). The constructive functions of tropical cyclones and tsunamis on deepwater sand deposition during sea level highstand: implications for petroleum exploration. AAPG Bulletin, 92, 443–471.

Shanmugam, G. (2008b). Chapter 5 Deep-water bottom currents and their deposits. In: Rebesco, M., Camerlenghi, A. (Eds.), Contourites, Developments in Sedimentology, Vol. 60. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 59–81.

Shanmugam, G. (2008c). Leaves in turbidite sand: the main source of oil and gas in the deep-water Kutei Basin, Indonesia: discussion. AAPG Bull. 92, 127–137.

Shanmugam, G. (2008d). Slides, slumps, debris flows, and turbidity currents. In: Steele, J.H., Turekian, K.K., Thorpe, S.A. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, second ed. Elsevier, ISBN: 978-0-12-374473-9, pp. 447–467.

Shanmugam, G. (2008e). Book Review: “Economic and Palaeoceanographic Significance of Contourite Deposits”. Edited by A. R. Viana and M. Rebesco. Geological Society (London) Special Publication 276, 2007. Book review in Journal of Sedimentary Research: URL: http://spot.colorado.edu/~jsedr/Book Reviews/ bookreviews.htm

Shanmugam, G. (2009a). Comment on “Late Holocene Rupture of the Northern San Andreas Fault and Possible Stress Linkage to the Cascadia Subduction Zone” by C. Goldfinger, K. Grijalva, R. Bürgmann, A. E. Morey, J. E. Johnson, C. Hans Nelson, J. Gutie´rrez-Pastor, A. Ericsson, E. Karabanov, J. D. Chaytor, J. Patton, and E. Grácia. Bull. Seismol. Soc. America, 99-4, 2594-2598.

Shanmugam, G. (2009b). Book Review: “The Cambridge Handbook of Earth Science Data”, by Paul Henderson & Gideon M. Henderson, 2009. Cambridge University Press, The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK (published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York). Paperback, 277 pages. Price GBP 17.99; USD 30.00. ISBN 978-0-521-69317-2.

Shanmugam, G. (2011). Book Review: “Deep-Sea Sediments” by Hüeneke, H., Mulder, T. (Eds.), 2011. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Developments in Sedimentology 63”. Geologos.

Shanmugam, G. (2012a). New Perspectives on Deep-Water Sandstones: Origin, Recognition, Initiation, and Reservoir Quality, 9. Elsevier, Handbook of Petroleum Exploration and Production, Amsterdam, p. 524.

Shanmugam, G. (2012b). Process-sedimentological challenges in distinguishing paleo-tsunami deposits. In: Kumar, A., Nister, I. (Eds.), Paleo-tsunamis. Natural Hazards, 63, pp. 5–30.

Shanmugam, G. (2013). Modern internal waves and internal tides along oceanic pycnoclines: challenges and implications for ancient deep-marine baroclinic sands. AAPG Bulletin, 97, 767–811.

Shanmugam, G. (2014). Review of research in internal-wave and internal-tide deposits of China, discussion. Journal of Palaeogeography, 3 (4), 332–350.

Shanmugam, G. (2015). The landslide problem. Journal of Palaeogeography, 4(2), 109–166.

Shanmugam, G. (2016a). Submarine fans: a critical retrospective (1950–2015). Journal of Palaeogeography, 5(2), 110–184.

Shanmugam, G. (2016b). The contourite problem. In: Mazumder, R. (Ed.), Sediment Provenance. Elsevier, pp. 183–254. Chapter 9.

Shanmugam, G. (2016c). The seismite problem. Journal of Palaeogeography, 5(4), 318–362.

Shanmugam, G. (2017a). Global case studies of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS): definitions, classifications, advances, origins, and problems. Journal of Palaeogeography, 6(4), 251–320.

Shanmugam, G. (2017b). Contourites: physical oceanography, process sedimentology, and petroleum geology. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 44 (2), 183–216.

Shanmugam, G. (2017c). The response of stromatolites to seismic shocks: tomboliths from the Palaeoproterozoic Chaibasa Formation, E India: discussion and liquefaction basics. Journal of Palaeogeography, 6 (3), 224–234.

Shanmugam, G. (2017d). The fallacy of interpreting SSDS with different types of breccias as seismites amid the multifarious origins of earthquakes: implications. Journal of Palaeogeography, 6(1), 12–44.

Shanmugam, G. (2018a). The hyperpycnite problem. Journal of Palaeogeography, 7(3), 197–238.

Shanmugam, G. (2018b). Bioturbation and trace fossils in deep-water contourites, turbidites, and hyperpycnites: a cautionary note. In: Special Issue dedicated to George Devries Klein by the Journal of the Indian Association of Sedimentologists (JIAS). Journal Indian Association of Sedimentologists, 35 (2), 13–32.

Shanmugam, G. (2018c). A global satellite survey of density plumes at river mouths and at other environments: plume configurations, external controls, and implications for deep-water sedimentation. Petrol. Explor. Development, 45(4), 640–661.

Shanmugam, G. (2018d). Preface to the Special Issue dedicated to George Devries Klein by the Journal of the Indian Association of Sedimentologists (JIAS). Journal Indian Association of Sedimentologists, 35(2), 1-5.

Shanmugam, G. (2018e). An extended tribute to Professor George Devries Klein (1933-2018): A sedimentologic pioneer and a petroleum geologist. Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists, 35(1), 107–118

Shanmugam, G., (2018f). Comment on “Iconological analysis of contourites: Past, present and future” by Francisco J. Rodriguez-Tovar and F. Javier Hernández-Molina [Earth- Science Reviews, 182 (2018), 28–41]. Earth-Science Reviews 184 (2018) 46–49

Shanmugam, G. (2019a). Global significance of wind forcing on deflecting sediment plumes at river mouths: implications for hyperpycnal flows, sediment transport, and provenance. Journal Indian Association of Sedimentologists, 36(2), 1–37.

Shanmugam, G. (2019b). Reply to discussions by Zavala (2019) and by Van Loon, Hüeneke, and Mulder (2019) on Shanmugam, G. (2018, Journal of Palaeogeography, 7 (3): 197–238): the hyperpycnite problem. Journal of Palaeogeography, 8 (4): 408–421.

Shanmugam, G. (2019c). Slides, Slumps, Debris Flows, Turbidity Currents, Hyperpycnal Flows, and Bottom Currents. In: J. Kirk Cochran, Henry J. Bokuniewicz and Patricia L. Yager (Editors-in-Chief), Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Third Edition) Volume 4, pp. 228-257.

Shanmugam, G. (2020). Gravity flows: Types, definitions, origins, identification markers, and problems. Journal Indian Association of Sedimentologists, 37(2), 61-90.

Shanmugam, G. (2021a). Mass transport, gravity flows, and bottom currents: Downslope and alongslope processes and deposits. Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN: 9780128225769, p. 608.

Shanmugam, G. (2021b). "The turbidite-contourite-tidalite-baroclinite-hybridite problem: orthodoxy vs. empirical evidence behind the “Bouma Sequence”. Jour. Palaeogeography, v. 10, No. 1. Online https://doi.org/10.1186/s42501-021-00085-

Shanmugam, G. (2021c). Deep-water processes and deposits. In Encyclopedia of geology, ed. David Alderton and Scott A. Elias, 2nd ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 965–1009.

Shanmugam, G. (2022a). Book Review of “River Planet: Rivers from Deep Time to the Modern Crisis by Martin Gibling”. Jour. Palaeogeography, v. 11, No. 1.

Shanmugam, G. (2022b). Comment on “Ichnological analysis: A tool to characterize deep-marine processes and sediments” by Francisco J. Rodriguez-Tovar [Earth-Science Reviews, 228 (2022), 104014]. Earth-Science Reviews. Article in press.

Shanmugam, G. (2022c). Comment on “A new classification system for mixed (turbidite-contourite) depositional systems: Examples, conceptual models and diagnostic criteria for modern and ancient records” by S. Rodrigues, F.J. Hernández-Molina, M. Fonnesu, E. Miramontes, M. Rebesco, D. C. Campbell [Earth-Science Reviews (2022), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104030]" Earth-Science Reviews. Article in press.

Shanmugam, G. (2022d). Sedimentary Basins: Processes, deposits, palaeogeography, and challenges. Keynote Lecture, 37th Convention of the Indian Association of Sedimentologists, University of Jammu, India, April 27, Wednesday, 10:00 AM (Jammu, India Time), 2022, Virtual Platform. In: IAS Abstract volume. P. 6-26.

Shanmugam, G. (2022e). 150 Years (1872-2022) of research on deep-water processes, deposits, settings, triggers, and deformation: A difficult domain of progress, dichotomy, diversion, omission, and groupthink. Keynote Lecture. 5th International Conference on Palaeogeography. May 14, Saturday, 9:50-10:20 AM (Beijing Time), 2022, Wuhan, China.

Shanmugam, G. (2022f). 150 Years (1872-2022) of research on deep-water processes, deposits, settings, triggers, and deformation: A difficult domain of progress, dichotomy, diversion, omission, and groupthink. Jour. Palaeogeography, v. 11, No. 4, 469-564.

Shanmugam, G. (2022g). The peer-review problem: a sedimentological perspective. Journal of the Indian Association of Sedimentologists, 39(1), 3-24.

Shanmugam, G. (2022h). Book Review on “Fossil Future: Why Global Human Flourishing Requires More Oil, Coal, and Natural Gas--Not Less” by Alex Epstein. Journal of the Indian Association of Sedimentologists, 39. Article in Press.

Shanmugam, G., and Benedict, G.L. (1978). Fine-grained carbonate debris flow, Ordovician basin margin, Southern Appalachians. J. Sediment. Petrology, 48, 1233–1240.

Shanmugam, G., and Benedict III, G.L. (1983). Manganese distribution in the carbonate fraction of shallow and deep marine lithofacies, Middle Ordovician, eastern Tennessee. Sediment. Geology, 35, 159–175.

Shanmugam, G., and Walker, K.R. (1978). Tectonic significance of distal turbidites in the Middle Ordovician Blockhouse and lower Sevier formations in east Tennessee. Am. Journal of Science, 278, 551-578.

Shanmugam, G., and Lash, G. G. (1982). Analogous tectonic evolution of the Ordovician foredeeps, southern and central Appalachians. Geology, 10, 562 566.

Shanmugam, G., and Moiola, R.J. (1979). Book Review: "Principles of Sedimentology" by G. M. Friedman and J. B. Sanders: Jour. Sedimentary Petrology, v. 49, p. 679 680.

Shanmugam, G., and Moiola, R.J. (1982). Eustatic control of turbidites and winnowed turbidites. Geology, 10, 231-235.

Shanmugam, G., and Moiola, R. J. (1984). Eustatic control of calciclastic turbidites. Marine Geology, 56, 273–278.

Shanmugam, G., and Moiola, R.J. (1988). Submarine fans: characteristics, models, classification, and reservoir potential. Earth-Science Reviews, 24, 383–428.

Shanmugam, G., and Moiola, R.J. (1995). Reinterpretation of depositional processes in a classic flysch sequence (Pennsylvanian Jackfork Group), Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas and Oklahoma. AAPG Bulletin, 79, 672–695.

Shanmugam, G., and McPherson, J.G. (1987). Sedimentation in the Chile Trench: depositional morphologies, lithofacies, and stratigraphy: discussion and reply. GSA Bulletin, 99(4), 598.

Shanmugam, G., Alhilali, K.A., 1988. Parameters influencing Porosity in sandstones: a model for sandstone porosity prediction: discussion. AAPG Bulletin, 72, 852–853.

Shanmugam, G., and Higgins, J.B. (1988). Porosity enhancement from chert dissolution beneath Neocomian unconformity: Ivishak Formation, North Slope, Alaska. AAPG Bulletin, 72, 523–535.

Shanmugam, G., D and amuth, J.E., Moiola, R.J., (1985). Is the turbidite facies association scheme valid for interpreting ancient submarine fan environments? Geology, 13, 234–237.

Shanmugam, G., Moiola, R. J., and Sales, J. K. (1988). Duplex-like structures in submarine fan channels, Ouachita mountains, Arkansas. Geology, 16, 229-232.

Shanmugam, G., Spalding, T.D., and Rofheart, D.H. (1993). Process sedimentology and reservoir quality of deep- marine bottom-current reworked sands (sandy contourites): an example from the Gulf of Mexico. AAPG Bulletin, 77, 1241–1259.

Shanmugam, G., Lehtonen, L.R., Straume, T., Syversten, S.E., Hodgkinson, R.J., and Skibeli, M., (1994). .Slump and debris flow dominated upper slope facies in the Cretaceous of the Norwegian and Northern North Seas (61–67?N): implications for sand distribution. AAPG Bulletin, 78, 910–937.

Shanmugam, G., Bloch, R.B., Mitchell, S.M., Beamish, G.W.J., Hodgkinson, R.J., Damuth, J.E., Straume, T., Syvertsen, S.E., and Shields, K.E., (1995). Basin-floor fans in the North Sea: sequence stratigraphic models vs. sedimentary facies. AAPG Bulletin, 79, 477–512.

Shanmugam, G., Poffenberger, M., and Toro Alava, J. (2000). Tide-dominated estuarine facies in the Hollin and Napo

(`T'and `U') formations (Cretaceous), Sacha field, Oriente Basin, Ecuador. AAPG Bulletin, 84, 652–682.

Shanmugam, G., Shrivastava, S.K., and Das, B. (2009). Sandy debrites and tidalites of Pliocene reservoir sands in upper-slope canyon environments, Offshore Krishna-Godavari Basin (India): implications. Journal of Sediment. Research, 79, 736–756.

Shepard, F.P., Dill, R.F., (1966). Submarine Canyons and Other Sea Valleys. Rand McNally & Co., Chicago, IL, p. 381.

Van der Lingen, G. J. (2018). Post-modernism and climate change. Jour. Indian Association of Sedimentologists, Vol. 35, No. 2 (2018) Special Issue dedicated to George Devries Klein in celebrating his life and achievements pp 6-12.

Van Loon, A.J. Tom, H. Hüeneke, and T. Mulder. (2019). The hyperpycnite problem: Comment. Journal of Palaeogeography, 8(3): 314–320.

Viswanathan, S. (1975). Rocks of unusual chemistry in the charnockitic terrains of India, and their geological significance. Geological Magazine, 112, 1, 63 - 69.

Zavala, C. (2019). The new knowledge is written on sedimentary rocks – A comment on Shanmugam’s paper “the hyperpycnite problem”. Journal of Palaeogeography, 8(3): 306–313.

Zou, C., Wang, L., Li, Y., Tao, S., and Hou, L. (2012). Deep-lacustrine transformation of sandy debrites into turbidites, upper Triassic, central China. Sediment. Geology, 265–266, 143–155.