Bioturbation and trace fossils in deep-water contourites, turbidites, and hyperpycnites: A cautionary note
Keywords:
Bioturbation; Contourites; Hyperpycnites; Trace fossils; Turbidites;Abstract
Bioturbation and trace fossils have been claimed to be an important attribute of contourites, turbidites, and hyperpycnites. However, these biogenic features have nothing to do with fluid mechanics of depositional processes of contour currents, turbidity currents, or hyperpycnal flows. Bioturbation can be both syn- and post-depositional in timing. Therefore, the presence of ichnological signatures in the ancient sedimentary record is irrelevant for interpreting deep-water deposits as a product of a specific process.
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References
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Heezen, B.C., Hollister, C.D. and Ruddiman, W.F., (1966). Shaping of the continental rise by deep geostrophic contour currents. Science, 152, 502-508.
Hollister, C.D. (1967). Sediment distribution and deep circulation in the western North Atlantic, Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York., 467.
Klein, G. D. (1971). A sedimentary model for determining paleotidal range. GSA Bulletin, 82, 2585-2592.
Knaust, D. (2012). Methodology and techniques. In: Knaust, D., Bromley, R.G. (Eds.), Trace Fossils as Indicators of Sedimentary Environments. Developments in Sedimentology, 64. 245–271.
Kostic, S., Parker, G. and Marr. J. G. (2002). Role of turbidity currents in setting the foreset slope of clinoforms prograding into standing fresh water. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 72 (3), 353–362.
Krumbein, W.C., and Sloss, L.L. (1963), Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, 2nd Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 660.
Krynine, D. (1948). The megascopic study and field classification of sedimentary rocks. The Journal of Geology, 56, 130-165.
Lamb, M.,B. McElroy, B., Kopriva, J., Shaw, and Mohrig, D. (2010). Linking riverflood dynamics to hyperpycnal-plume deposits: experiments, theory, and geological implications. GSA Bulletin, 122, 1389–1400.
Lovell, J.B., and Stow, D.A.V. (1981). Identification of ancient sandy contourites. Geology, 9, 347-349
Lowe, D.R. (1982). Sediment gravity flows, II. depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 52, 279–297.
MacEachern, J.A., Pemberton, S.G., Gingras, M.K., and Bann, K.L. (2010). Ichnology and facies models. In: James, N. and Dalrymple, R.W. (eds.), Facies Models 4. Geol. Ass. Can., St. John's, Geotext 6. 19–58.
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Middleton, G.V., and Wilcock, R., (1994). Mechanics in the Earth and Environmental Sciences. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 459.
Mohrig, D., Whipple, K.X., Hondzo, M., Ellis, C., and Parker, G. (1998). Hydroplaning of subaqueous debris flows. GSA Bulletin, 110, 387-394.
Morales de Luna, T., Fernández Nieto, E.D. and Castro DÃaz, M.J. (2017). Derivation of a multilayer approach to model suspended sediment transport: Application to hyperpycnal and hypopycnal plumes. Communications in Computational Physics, 22 (5): 1439–1485.
Mulder, T., Migeon, S., Savoye, B. and Faugères, J.-C. (2002). Reply to discussion by Shanmugam on Mulder et al. (2001, Geo-Marine Letters, 21, 86–93) Inversely graded turbidite sequences in the deep Mediterranean. A record of deposits from flood-generated turbidity currents? Geo-Marine Letters, 22, 112–120.
Mulder, T., Syvitski, J.M., Migeon, S., Faugeres, J.-C., and Savoye, B., (2003). Marine hyperpycnal flows: initiation, behavior and related deposits: a review. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 20, 861-882.
Murray, J., Renard, A.F. (1891). Report on deep-sea deposits based on specimens collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger in the years 1872–1876. Government Printer, Challenger Reports, London, 525.
Mutti, E. (1992). Turbidite Sandstones. Agip Special Publication, Milan, Italy, 275.
Nilsen, T. H., and Abbott, L., (1979). Introduction. In: Nilsen TH, Arthur MA (eds) Upper Cretaceous deep-sea fan deposits, San Diego. Geol Soc Am Annu Meet, San Diego, CA, Fieldtrip 11, 137–166.
Phillips, C.J., and Davies, T.R.H., (1991). Determining rheological parameters of debris flow material. Geomorphology, 4, 101-110.
Phillips, C., Mcllroy, D. and Elliott, T. (2011). Ichnological characterization of Eocene/Oligocene turbidites from the Grès d'Annot Basin, French Alps, SE France. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 300, 67–83.
Pierson, T.C., and Costa, J.E., (1987). Arheologic classification of subaerial sediment-water flows. In: Costa, J.E., Wieczorek, G.F., (eds.), Debris Flows/Avalanches, Process, Recognition, and Mitigation, vol. VII. Boulder, CO, GSA Reviews in Engineering Geology, 1-12.
Postma, G., Nemec, W., and Kleinspehn, K.L., (1988). Large floating clasts in turbidites, a mechanism for their emplacement. Sedimentary Geology, 58, 47-61.
Rebesco, M., Hernández-Molina, F. J. Van Rooij, D., and Wåhlin, A., (2014). Contourites and associated sediments controlled by deep-water circulation processes: State-of-the-art and future considerations. Marine Geology, 352, 111–154.
RodrÃguez-Tovar, F. J., Hernández-Molina, F. J. (2018). Ichnological analysis of contourites: Past, present and future. Earth-Science Reviews, 182, 28–41
Sanders, J.E. (1965). Primary sedimentary structures formed by turbidity currents and related resedimentation mechanisms. In: Middleton, G.V. (ed.), Primary Sedimentary Structures and Their Hydrodynamic Interpretation, 12. SEPM Special Publication, Tulsa, OK, 192-219.
Seilacher, A. (1964). Sedimentological classification and nomenclature of trace fossils. Sedimentology, 3, 253–256.
Shanmugam, G. (1996). High-density turbidity currents, are they sandy debris flows? Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66, 2-10.
Shanmugam, G. (1997). The Bouma sequence and the turbidite mind set. Earth-Science Reviews, 42, 201-229.
Shanmugam, G. (2000) 50 Years of the turbidite paradigm (1950s–1990s): deep-water processes and facies models – a critical perspective. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 17, 285-342
Shanmugam, G. (2002a). Ten turbidite myths. Earth-Science Reviews, 58, 311-341
Shanmugam, G. (2002b). Discussion on Mulder et al. 2001, Geo-Marine Letters, 21, 86–93. Inversely graded turbidite sequences in the deep Mediterranean. A record of deposits from flood-generated turbidity currents? Geo-Marine Letters, 22, 108–111.
Shanmugam, G. (2003). Deep-marine tidal bottom currents and their reworked sands in modern and ancient submarine canyons. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 20, 471-491.
Shanmugam, G. (2006|. Deep-water Processes and Facies Models, Implications for Sandstone Petroleum Reservoirs. Handbook of Petroleum Exploration and Production, vol. 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 476
Shanmugam, G., (2012). New Perspectives on Deep-water Sandstones, Origin, Recognition, Initiation, and Reservoir Quality. Handbook of Petroleum Exploration and Production, vol. 9. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 524.
Shanmugam, G. (2013). Modern internal waves and internal tides along oceanic pycnoclines: challenges and implications for ancient deep-marine baroclinic sands. AAPG Bulletin, 97, 767-811
Shanmugam, G. (2016a). The seismite problem. Journal of Palaeogeography, 5(4), 318-362.
Shanmugam, G. (2016b). The Contourite Problem. In: Mazumder, R. (ed.), Sediment Provenance. Elsevier, 183-254. Chapter 9.
Shanmugam, G. (2016c). Submarine fans: A critical retrospective (1950-2015). Journal of Palaeogeography, 5(2), 110-184.
Shanmugam, G. (2017). Contourites: Physical oceanography, process sedimentology, and petroleum geology. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 44(2), 183-216.
Shanmugam, G. (2018a). Comment on “Ichnological analysis of contourites: Past, present and future†by Francisco J. RodrÃguez-Tovar and F. Javier Hernandez-Molina [Earth-Science Reviews, 182 (2018), 28–41]. Earth-Science Reviews, 184, 46-49.
Shanmugam, G. (2018b). The hyperpycnite problem. Journal of Palaeogeography, 7 (3), 197-238.
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Published
2018-12-31
How to Cite
G, S. (2018). Bioturbation and trace fossils in deep-water contourites, turbidites, and hyperpycnites: A cautionary note. Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists (peer Reviewed), 35(2), 13–32. Retrieved from http://journal.indiansedimentologists.com/ojs/index.php/1/article/view/45
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Sedimentology
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