Significance of Parting lineation in paleoslope studies: An example from fluvial Siwalik sandstones of Ramnagar-Kaladungi area, Nainital, Uttrakhand
Keywords:
Siwalik Group, Parting lineation, Palaeoslope, Ramnagar-KaladungiAbstract
Parting lineation, a characteristic feature of many fine grained sandstone and siltstone, is widely used as additional parameter to deduce sediment transport direction especially where cross bedding and ripples marks are poorly developed. The Lower and Middle Siwalik Sub Groups of Ramnagar-Kaladungi area exhibit paucity of cross-bedding, though parting lineation are well developed. A sum of 680 measurements of parting lineation from Lower (531) and Middle (149) Siwalik Sub Group are statistically analyzed. Results suggest north-northeast – south-southwest line of sediment transport in the Lower and Middle Siwalik Groups of study area. The deduced line of sediment movement is in conformity with the southerly sediment transport obtained using cross-bedding data in this area and elsewhere in other parts of Siwalik foreland basin. These two-dimensional sedimentary structures may, therefore, provide additional support in deducing palaeoslope.
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References
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Oldham, R. D., 1893, A manual of the geology of India- Strtigraphical and structural geology, Government of India publication.
Parkash, B.; Bajpai, I. P. and Saxena, H. P., 1974, Sedimentary structures and palaeocurrents of the Siwalik exposed between Yamuna and Gola rivers, U. P., Geological Magazine 111: 1-14.
Pascoe, E. D. 1950, A Manual of the Geology of India and Burma. Third edition, vol.i revised and largely re-written by the late Sir Edwin H. Pascoe, Government of India Publication. 438p
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Pilgrim, G. E., 1913, The correlation of the Siwaliks with mammal horizons of Europe. Rec. Geol. Surv. India 43: 264–326.
Potter and Pettijohn, 1977, Palaeocurrents and Basin Analysis, 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin, Germany, 425p
Selley, Richard C., 1968, A classification of paleocurrent models, Journal Geology, 76: 99-110.
Singh, I. B. 1996, Geological evolution of Ganga plain-an overview, journal of Palaeontological Society of India, 23: 99-137.
Syangbo, D. K. and Tamrakar, N. K., 2013, Lithofacies and depositional environment of the Siwalik Group in Samari-Sukaura River area, Central Nepal, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, 16 (2009): 53-64.
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Tandon, S. K., 1976, Siwalik sedimentation in a part of the Kumaun Himalaya, India Sedimentary Geology, 16: 131-154,
Tandon, S. K., 1991, The Himalayan Foreland: Focus on Siwalik Basin. In Sedimentary Basins of India: Tectonic Context (Eds. S; K; Tondon, C. C. Pant & S. M. Cashyap), Nainital: Gyanodaya Prakashan,: 177-201.
Tauxe and Opdyke, 1982, A time framework based on magnetostratigraphy for the Siwalik sediments of Khaur area, northern Pakistan, palaeogeographhy, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology, 37: 43-61.
Tewari R. C., 1998 a, Plant fossil orientation in Early Permian Barakar Formation of eastern-central India Gondwana basins. The Palaeobotanists, 47: 32-36.
Tewari R. C., 1998 b, Channel sandstone bodies in fluvial Permian-Triassic Gondwana succession of peninsular India, Journal Geological Society of India, 51: 747-754.
Tokuoka, T. and Yoshida, M., 1984, Some characteristics of the Siwalik (Churia) Group in Chitwan Dun, Central Nepal, Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 4: 63-72.
Ulak, P D, 2009, Lithostratigraphy and late Cenozoic fluvial styles of Siwalik Group along Kankai River section, East Nepal Himalaya, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 63-74
Ullah K, Arif M., and Shah M. T, 2009; Petrography of sandstones from Kamakial and Chinji Formations, south-western Kohat Plateau, NW Pakistan: Implications for source lithology and palaeoclimate, J. Him. Earth Sci. V-39, pp 1-13.
Valdiya, K. S., 2010, Making of India: Geodynamic Evaluation, McMillan, New Delhi,
Visser, C.F. & Johnson, G.D., 1978. Tectonic control of late Pliocene molasse sedimentation in a portion of the Jhelum reentrant, Pakistan. Son. Geol. Rund. Band 67. 15-87.
Wynne, A. B. (1878): Notes on the Tertiary zone and underlying rocks in the northwest Punjab, Rec. Geol. Surv. India., v-I(3), pp. 107-132.
Yoshida, M. and Arita, K., 1982, On the Siwaliks observed along some routes in Central Nepal, Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 2: 59-66.
Acharyya, S.K., 1976, On the nature of the Main Boundary Fault in Darjeeling sub-Himalaya, Geol. Surv. India, Misc. Publ. 24: 395-408.
Acharyya, S. K., 1994; The Cenozoic Foreland Basin and tectonics of the eastern sub-Himalaya: Problems and prospects; In: Siwalik Foreland Basin of Himalaya (eds) Kumar R, Ghosh, S. K. and Phadtare, N. R., Him. Geology 15, 3-51.
Agrawal S.C. and Singh, I. B., 1983, Palaeoenvironment and trace fossils of the Middle Siwalik sediments, Hardwar, Uttar Pradesh, Journ. palaeontological Society of India, Vol. 28, 50-55.
Auden, J. B., 1935, Traverses in the Himalayan, Records of Geological Survey of India, 62 (2): 123-167.
Bashyal, R. P., DelCaillau, B., Herail, G., 1989, Thrusting and orogenesis: The Himalayan Front in Central Nepal, Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 6: 11-20.
Bhardwaj, B. D., 1981, A coarsening upward cycle in the Siwalik sequence of Tista valley, eastern Himalaya: An example of fluvio-deltaic sedimentation, Journ. Indian Assocc. Sedimentologist, V-2: 68-77.
Boggs Sam jr., 1995, Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Fourth Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River:662p
Cotter, G DE. P., 1933, The geology of the part of Attok district. Rec. Geol. Surv. India V-55 (I): 63-161.
Currey, J. R., 1956 The analysis of two-dimensional orientation data, Journ. Geology; V. 64: 117-131
Deopa, T and Goswami, P. K., 2015; Channel morphology, hydrology and geomorphic positioning of a Middle Miocene river system of the Siwalik foreland basin, India, Geological Magazine, Volume 152(1): 12-27.
Holland, T. H. and Tipper, G. H., 1913, Indian Geological terminology Mem. Geol. Surv. India, V-43, pp. 1-12227Pilgrim, G. E. (1913): Correlation of the Siwalik with Mammal horizons of Europe. Rec. Geological Survey of India, 43: 264-326.
Idhara, M., Shibasaki, T., and Miyamoto, N., 1972, Photogeological survey of the Siwalik ranges and the Terai Plain, Sothern Nepal, Journal of Geosciences of Osaka University, 15: 77-98.
Karunakaran, C. and Ranga Rao, A.,1979, Status of exploration for hydrocarbons in the Himalayan region- contributions to stratigraphy and structure. Miscellaneous Publications of Geo; Survey of India 41,: 1-66.
Kayastha, N. B. 1979, Report on Geology of Kailali-Kanchanpur area, Far Western Nepal, Unpublished Report of Department of Mines and Geology, Kathmandu: 27p
Khan, Z. A. and Tewari, R. C., 2011, Paleochannel and paleohydrology of Middle Siwalik (Pliocene) fluvial system, Northern India. Journal of Earth Science, 120: 531-543
Khan, Z. A. and Tewari, R. C., 2015, Paleocurrents, paleohydraulics, and Paleogeography of Miocene-Pliocene Siwalik Foreland Basin of India. Advances in Geology, 2015: 1-14.
Kumar, R. and Ghosh, S. K., 1991, Sedimentological studies of the Upper Siwalik Boulder Conglomerate of Mohand area, District Saharanpur, U.P. Journal Himalayan Geology, 2: 169-176
Kumar, R. and Nanda, A. C., 1989, Sedimentology of Middle Siwalik subgroup of Mohand Area, Dehradun Valley, India, Journal Geological Society of India, 34: 597-616.
Kumar R., Sangode S. J., and Ghosh S. K. 2004, A multistory sandstone complex in the Himalayan foreland basin, NW Himalaya, India, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 23 (3): 407-426.
Lewis, G.E., 1937, New Siwalik correlation, American Journal Science, 34: 191-204.
Mandal S, Sarkar, S., Chakraborty N., Bose P.K., Liu M and Wang Y, 2014, Palaeogeography, palaeohydraulics and palaeoclimate of the Mio–Pliocene Siwalik Group, eastern India, Journal of Palaeogeography, 3 (3): 270-296.
Medllicot, H. B., 1864, On the Geological Structure and Relations of the Southern Portion of the Himalayan Ranges, between the Rivers Ganges and Ravee, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, III (2) .
Mitra, G., Bhattacharyya, K., Mukul, M., 2010. The Lesser Himalayan Duplex in Sikkim: Implications for variations in Himalayan shortening. Special Issue of Journal of Geological Society of India, 75: 289-301.
Misra, Sarvesh, 1981, Petrography and palaeocurrent trends in Jamrani area, District Nainital. U. P., Unpublished M. Phil Thesis, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 56p
Nakayama, K. and Ulak, P. D., 1999. Evolution of the fluvial style in the Siwalik Group in the foothills of Nepal Himalaya. Sedimentary. Geology, 125: 205–222.
Oldham, R. D., 1893, A manual of the geology of India- Strtigraphical and structural geology, Government of India publication.
Parkash, B.; Bajpai, I. P. and Saxena, H. P., 1974, Sedimentary structures and palaeocurrents of the Siwalik exposed between Yamuna and Gola rivers, U. P., Geological Magazine 111: 1-14.
Pascoe, E. D. 1950, A Manual of the Geology of India and Burma. Third edition, vol.i revised and largely re-written by the late Sir Edwin H. Pascoe, Government of India Publication. 438p
Pilgrim, G. E., 1910, Preliminary note on the revised classification of Tertiary freshwater deposits of India. Rec. of Geol. Serv. India 40, pp 185-205.
Pilgrim, G. E., 1913, The correlation of the Siwaliks with mammal horizons of Europe. Rec. Geol. Surv. India 43: 264–326.
Potter and Pettijohn, 1977, Palaeocurrents and Basin Analysis, 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin, Germany, 425p
Selley, Richard C., 1968, A classification of paleocurrent models, Journal Geology, 76: 99-110.
Singh, I. B. 1996, Geological evolution of Ganga plain-an overview, journal of Palaeontological Society of India, 23: 99-137.
Syangbo, D. K. and Tamrakar, N. K., 2013, Lithofacies and depositional environment of the Siwalik Group in Samari-Sukaura River area, Central Nepal, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, 16 (2009): 53-64.
Tamrakar N. K. and Syangbo, D. K., 2014 Petrography and provenance of the Siwalik Group sanstones from the main boundary thrust region, Samiri river area, Central Nepal, Sub-Himalaya, Boletin de Geologia: 36 (2), 1-27.
Tandon, S. K., 1976, Siwalik sedimentation in a part of the Kumaun Himalaya, India Sedimentary Geology, 16: 131-154,
Tandon, S. K., 1991, The Himalayan Foreland: Focus on Siwalik Basin. In Sedimentary Basins of India: Tectonic Context (Eds. S; K; Tondon, C. C. Pant & S. M. Cashyap), Nainital: Gyanodaya Prakashan,: 177-201.
Tauxe and Opdyke, 1982, A time framework based on magnetostratigraphy for the Siwalik sediments of Khaur area, northern Pakistan, palaeogeographhy, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology, 37: 43-61.
Tewari R. C., 1998 a, Plant fossil orientation in Early Permian Barakar Formation of eastern-central India Gondwana basins. The Palaeobotanists, 47: 32-36.
Tewari R. C., 1998 b, Channel sandstone bodies in fluvial Permian-Triassic Gondwana succession of peninsular India, Journal Geological Society of India, 51: 747-754.
Tokuoka, T. and Yoshida, M., 1984, Some characteristics of the Siwalik (Churia) Group in Chitwan Dun, Central Nepal, Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 4: 63-72.
Ulak, P D, 2009, Lithostratigraphy and late Cenozoic fluvial styles of Siwalik Group along Kankai River section, East Nepal Himalaya, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 63-74
Ullah K, Arif M., and Shah M. T, 2009; Petrography of sandstones from Kamakial and Chinji Formations, south-western Kohat Plateau, NW Pakistan: Implications for source lithology and palaeoclimate, J. Him. Earth Sci. V-39, pp 1-13.
Valdiya, K. S., 2010, Making of India: Geodynamic Evaluation, McMillan, New Delhi,
Visser, C.F. & Johnson, G.D., 1978. Tectonic control of late Pliocene molasse sedimentation in a portion of the Jhelum reentrant, Pakistan. Son. Geol. Rund. Band 67. 15-87.
Wynne, A. B. (1878): Notes on the Tertiary zone and underlying rocks in the northwest Punjab, Rec. Geol. Surv. India., v-I(3), pp. 107-132.
Yoshida, M. and Arita, K., 1982, On the Siwaliks observed along some routes in Central Nepal, Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 2: 59-66.
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2019-12-31
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Misra, S. M., Mishra, M., & Tewari, R. C. (2019). Significance of Parting lineation in paleoslope studies: An example from fluvial Siwalik sandstones of Ramnagar-Kaladungi area, Nainital, Uttrakhand. Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists (peer Reviewed), 36(1), 84–100. Retrieved from http://journal.indiansedimentologists.com/ojs/index.php/1/article/view/70
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