Source and processes from core sediment samples off Mahanadi and Krishna rivers, western Bay of Bengal
Keywords:
Mahanadi, Krishna, Clay Minerals, Metals, TOCAbstract
A total of sixteen samples representing the surface,10 cm and 20 cm of sediment core depth between water depth of 25 m and 2600 m from the continental shelf region off Mahanadi and off Krishna were analyzed for grain size, clay minerals, total organic carbon and selected metals to understand the source and processes. The study revealed an overall decrease in sediment size from shallow to deeper water depth as well as from Mahanadi (north) to Krishna (south), indicating transportation direction. Total organic carbon content is low (<1%) and higher content was associated with finer sediment size in the samples studied. High sand content in shallow water stations off Mahanadi indicates high hydrodynamic conditions as compared to that off Krishna. High smectite content off Krishna suggests Deccan Basalt and their associated black cotton soil as their source whereas high illite content off Mahanadi suggests source belongs to Archean Proterozic Gneissic complex along with its major supply from the Himalayan region through Ganges and Brahmaputra. Ba values obtained off Mahanadi indicate the source of felsic rocks. High concentration of Fe, Mn and Ti off Krishna supports the source of basic igneous rocks. Relatively high coarse sediments, as well as high illite percentage off Mahanadi river mouth, suggests a change in land use pattern and climate in recent years.
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Author Biography
Ganapati Narayan Nayak, Goa University
References
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2. Bejugam, P. and Nayak, G.N. (2017). Source and depositional processes of the surface sediments and their implications on productivity in recent past off Mahanadi to Pennar River mouths, western Bay of Bengal. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 483, 58-69.
3. Benshila, R., Durand, F., Masson, S., Bourdallé-Badie, R., de Boyer Montégut, C., Papa, F. and Madec, G. (2014). The upper Bay of Bengal salinity structure in a high-resolution model. Ocean Modelling, 74, 36–52.
4. Beura, D. (2015). Floods in Mahanadi river, Odisha, India: its causes and management. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 2 (2), 51-55.
5. Biscaye, P.E. (1965). Mineralogy and sedimentation of recent deep-sea clay in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas and oceans. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 76 (7), 803-832.
6. Calvert, S.E. and Price, N.B. (1983). Geochemistry of Namibian shelf sediments. In: Coastal Upwelling Its Sediment Record, 337-375. Springer US.
7. Chauhan, O.S. and Vogelsang, E. (2006). Climate induced changes in the circulation and dispersal patterns of the fluvial sources during late Quaternary in the middle Bengal Fan. Journal of Earth system science, 115 (3), 379-386.
8. Das, A. and Krishnaswami, S. (2007). Elemental geochemistry of river sediments from the Deccan Traps, India: implications to sources of elements and their mobility during basalt–water interaction. Chemical Geology, 242 (1), 232-254.
9. Das, A. and Panchal, M. (2018). Krishna River Basin. In: Singh D. (eds) The Indian Rivers, 339-351. Springer, Singapore, 339-351.
10. Diju, S. and Thamban, M. (2006). Clay mineral and textural variations in the sediments of Chandragiri River, estuary and shallow marine realms off Kasaragod, Kerala. Journal Geological Society of India, 67, 189-196.
11. Folk R.L. (1968). Petrology of Sedimentary rocks. Austin, Texas: Hemphill,177.
12. Hart, G. F. (1999). The deltas of peninsular India.
http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/PUBLICATIONS/HartIndrpt00/india.html.
13. Jackson, M.L. (1958). Soil chemical analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 45 -46.
14. Kolla, V. and Biscaye, P.E. (1973). Clay mineralogy and sedimentation in the eastern Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research, 20 (8), 727-738.
15. Kolla, V. and Rao, N.M. (1990). Sedimentary sources in the surface and near-surface sediments of the Bay of Bengal. Geo-Marine Letters, 10 (3), 129-135.
16. Kulkarni, Y.R., Sangode, S.J., Bloemendal, J., Meshram, D.C. and Suresh, N. (2015). Mineral magnetic characterization of the Godavari River and western Bay of Bengal sediments: Implications to source to sink relations. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 85 (1), 71-78.
17. Levitus, S. and Boyer, T.P. (1994). World Ocean Atlas. Temperature (No. PB–95-270112/ XAB; NESDIS–4). National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Washington, DC, United States.
18. Madhupratap, M., Prasanna, Kumar, S., Bhattathiri, P.M.A., Kumar, M.D., Raghukumar, S., Nair, K.K.C. and Ramaiah, N. (1996). Mechanism of the biological response to winter cooling in the northeastern Arabian Sea. Nature, 384, 549–552.
19. Madhupratap, M.M., Gauns, M., Ramaiah, N., Kumar, S.P., Muraleedharan, P.M., De, Sousa, S.N., Sardessai, S. and Muraleedharan, M. (2003). Biogeochemistry of the Bay of Bengal: physical, chemical and primary productivity characteristics of the central and western Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon 2001. Deep-Sea Research-II, 50, 881–896.
20. Mallik, T.K. (1976). Shelf sediments of the Ganges delta with special emphasis on the mineralogy of the western part, Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean. Marine Geology, 22 (1),1-32.
21. Mazumdar, A., Kocherla, M., Carvalho, M.A., Peketi, A., Joshi, R.K., Mahalaxmi, P., Joao, H.M. and Jisha, R. (2015). Geochemical characterization of the Krishna–
Godavari and Mahanadi offshore basin (Bay of Bengal) sediments: a comparative
study of provenance. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 60,18-33.
22. Muthuraj, S. and Jayaprakash, M. (2008). Distribution and enrichment of trace metals in marine sediments of Bay of Bengal, off Ennore, south-east coast of India. Environmental Geology, 56 (1), 207-217.
23. Pattanayak, S.K. and Shrivastava, J.P. (1999). Petrography and major-oxide geochemistry of basalts from the Eastern Deccan Volcanic Province, India. MEMOIRS-Geological Society of India, 2, 233-270.
24. Phillips, S.C., Johnson, J.E., Underwood, M.B., Guo, J., Giosan, L. and Rose, K. (2014). Long-timescale variation in bulk and clay mineral composition of Indian continental margin sediments in the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, and Andaman Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 58 (A), 117-138.
25. Pragatheeswaran, V., Loganathan, B., Ramesh, A. and Venugopalan, V.K. (1986). Distribution of heavy metals and organic carbon in sediments off Madras and Visakhapatnam. Mahasagar, 19 (1), 39-44.
26. Qasim, S.Z. (1977). Biological productivity of the Indian Ocean. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 6, 122–137.
27. Raj, S.M. and Jayaprakash, M. (2008). Distribution and enrichment of trace metals in marine sediments of Bay of Bengal, off Ennore, south-east coast of India. Environmental Geology, 56 (1), 207-217.
28. Raman, C.V., Rao, G.K., Reddy, K.S.N. and Ramesh, M.V. (1995). Clay mineral distributions in the continental shelf sediments between the Ganges mouths and Madras, east coast of India. Continental Shelf Research, 15 (14), 1773-1793.
29. Ramesh, R. and Subramanian, V. (1988). Temporal, spatial and size variation in the sediment transport in the Krishna River basin, India. Journal of Hydrology, 98 (1-2), 53-65.
30. Rao, M.S. (1960). Organic matter in marine sediments off east coast of India. AAPG Bulletin, 44 (10), 1705-1713.
31. Rao, N.V.N.D. and Rao, M.P. (1977). Clay mineral distribution in sediments of the eastern part of the Bay of Bengal. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 6 (2), 166-168.
32. Rao, V.P., Reddy, N.P. and Rao, C.M. (1988). Clay mineral distribution in the shelf sediments off the northern part of the east coast of India. Continental Shelf Research, 8 (2), 145-151.
33. Saalim, S.M., Saraswat, R., Sukhorie, T. and Nigam, R. (2018). Assessing the ecological preferences of agglutinated benthic foraminiferal morphogroups from the western Bay of Bengal. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. https: DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.02.002
34. Sarma, V.V.S.S. (2002). An evaluation of physical and bio-geochemical processes regulating perennial suboxic conditions in the water column of the Arabian Sea. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16, 1082.
35. Sen Gupta, R., De Sousa, S.N. and Joseph, T. (1977). On nitrogen and phosphorous in the western Bay of Bengal. Indian Journal of Marine Science, 6, 107–110.
36. Taylor, S.R. (1964). Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a new table. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 28 (8), 1273-1285.
37. Taylor, S.R. and McLennan, S.M. (1985). The continental crust: its composition and evolution. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
38. Von Breymann, M.T., Emeis, K.C. and Camerlenghi, A. (1990). Geochemistry of sediments from the Peru upwelling area: Results from ODP Sites, 680, 682, 685 and 688. Proceeding of ODP Science Results, 112, 491-503.
39. Walkley, A. (1947). A critical examination of a rapid method for determining organic carbon in soils-Effect of variations in digestion conditions and of inorganic soil constituents. Soil Science, 63 (4), 251-264
40. Weaver, C.E. (1989). Clays, muds, and shales. In: Developments in sedimentology Elsevier, 44.
Published
2019-12-31
How to Cite
Nayak, G. N., Kangane, J., & Choudhary, S. (2019). Source and processes from core sediment samples off Mahanadi and Krishna rivers, western Bay of Bengal. Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists (peer Reviewed), 36(1), 65–83. Retrieved from http://journal.indiansedimentologists.com/ojs/index.php/1/article/view/42
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Sedimentology
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