Reflections from the heavy mineral distributions of some Gondwana basins of extra-peninsular India
Keywords:
Heavy minerals, statistical tests, provenance, Gondwana sandstones, Extra-peninsular IndiaAbstract
The present endeavour is concerned with analyses of heavy mineral distributions entombed within the sandstones of some extra-peninsular Gondwana basins located in Singrimari, Meghalaya; Elephant Flat, Arunachal Pradesh and Kalijhora, West Bengal. Around 60% of the heavy minerals are similar in all the study areas with the common mineral species being zircon, garnet, opaque minerals, tourmaline, rutile, epidote, kyanite, staurolite and titanite. Compared to Singrimari and Kalijhora, Elephant Flat suite hosts more varieties. Heavy mineral indices indicate the sandstones of the study areas to be somewhat mineralogically mature. Hydraulic separation and transportation length influenced variation in the physical attributes of heavy minerals between Singrimari and that of Kalijhora and Elephant Flat. The heavy minerals were contributed from a southern Precambrian terrain and accumulated in a mature continental passive margin setting. Source rocks of the study areas were closely associated in space ± time and were a mélange of ultrastable and metastable minerals. It is considerably probable that contributions of detritus from the denuded Precambrian Eastern Ghats Supergroup were very high. The fluviatile Singrimari Gondwanas were closer to the provenance and the drainage network extended further north wherein the Kalijhora and Elephant Flat Gondwana rocks were deposited under marine shoreline influence.
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References
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Rao, B.K., Ramaiah, J.S., Murthy, P.B. and Swamy, A.S.R. (1993). Studies on heavy minerals in the Krishna river basin. Indian Assoc. Sediment., 12, 79-88.
Roser, B.P. and Korsch, R.J. (1986). Determination of Tectonic Setting of Sandstone-Mudstone Suites Using SiO2 Content and K2O/Na2O Ratio. Geology, 94, 635-650.
Silva, M.G. and Vital, H. (2000). Provenance of heavy minerals in the Piranhas-ACU river, Northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Geociencias, 30 (3), 453-456.
Suttner, L.J. and DUTTA, P.K. (1986). Alluvial Sandstone composition and Palaeoclimate Framework Mineralogy. Sed.Petrol., 56, 329-345.
Van Andel, T.H. (1959). Reflections of the Interpretation of Heavy Mineral Analysis. Sed. Petrol., 29, 163-174.
Biswas, S.K. (1999). A review on the evolution of rift basins in India during Gondwana with special reference to western Indian basins and their hydrocarbon prospects. In: Sahni A. Loyal, R. S. (Eds.) Gondwana Assembly: New Issues and Perspectives, Proc. Ind. Nat. Sci. Acad., Spec. Issue, 261-283.
Baruah, H. and Das, P.K. (2001). Petrographic attributes of the Singrimari sandstones, West Garo Hills district, Meghalaya and Dhubri district, Assam, India. Ind. Assoc. Sed, 20 (2), 125-140.
Baruah, H. (2007). A comprehensive analytical account of the heavy mineral distributions in the Lower Gondwana rocks of Singrimari, West Garo hills district, Meghalaya and Elephant Flat area, West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh. Final report UGC-MRP 70.
Baruah, H. and Das, P.K. (2012). Lithofacies and depositional environment of Gondwana rocks of Singrimari area, West Garo Hills district, Meghalaya and Dhubri district, Assam. Ultrascientist, 24(3) B, 427-434.
Basu, S.K. (2013). Geology of Sikkim state and Darjeeling district of West Bengal. Geol. Soc. of India, Bangalore 1st edition, xiv+256.
Bhatia, M.R. (1983). Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstone. Geology, 9, 611-627.
Blatt, W., Middleton, G.V. and Murray, R. (1972). Origin of sedimentary rocks, New Jersey, Prentice Hall., 634p.
Boggs, Sam, (2009). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2nd ed., pp. 113-115.
Chatterjee, N., Mazumdar, A.C., Bhattacharya, A. and Saikia, R.R. (2007). Mesoproterozoic granulites of the Shillong–Meghalaya Plateau: Evidence of westward continuation of the Prydz Bay Pan-African suture into Northeastern India. Precambrian Research, 152, 1-26.
Chakraborty, C., Mandal, N. and Ghosh, S.K. (2003). Kinematics of the Gondwana basins of peninsular India. Tectonophysics, 377, 299-324.
Cheepurupalli, N.R., Radha, B.A., Reddy, K.S., Dhanamjayarao, E.N. and Dayal, A.M. (2012). Heavy mineral distribution studies in different micro-environments of Bhimunipatnam coast, Andhra Pradesh, India. International Jour. of Scientific and Research Publications, 2 (5), 1-10.
Davis, J.C. (2002). Statistics and data analysis in Geology, Willey India Pvt. Ltd., 638p.
Desikacher, S.V. (1977). Evolution of the Indian Sub-continent in terms of the new Global Tectonics and its implications for exploration of hydrocarbons. Proc. v. IVth Intern. Symp. on Gondwana Sedimentation, Calcutta, pp. 734-750.
Dickinson, W.R. (1985). Interpreting relations of detrital modes of sandstones. In: Provenance of arenite; G.G.Zuffa (Ed). Reidel Dovdrect, Boston, Lancaster, pp. 333-36.
Dutta, S.K. (1976). Changing patterns of palaeogeography in the Shillong Plateau. In: Indian Stratigraphy and Palaeontology, Publ. of the Wadia Institute of Him, Geol. 550-555.
Flores, R.M. and Shideler, G.L. (1978). Factors controlling heavy mineral variations on the south Texas outer continental shelf, Gulf of Mexico. Sed. Petrol., 48 (1), 269-280.
Force, E.R. (1980). The Provenance of Rutile, Sed. Petrol., 50, 485-488.
Grzebyk, J. and Leszczynski, S. (2006). New data on heavy minerals from the Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene flysch of the Beskid Œl¹ski Mts. (Polish Carpathians). Geological Quarterly, 50 (2), 265-280.
Heinrich, E.W. (1956). Microscopic Petrography, McGraw Hill, New York, 126p.
Hota, R.N., Maejima, W. and Mishra, B. (2002). Cluster analysis approach to heavy mineral suites of Barakar Formation, Talchir Gondwana basin, Orissa. SGAT Bulletin, 3, 33-38.
Hota, R.N. and Maejima, W. (2009). Heavy minerals of the Barakar Formation, Talchir Gondwana Basin, Orissa. Geol. Soc. of America, 74, 375-384.
Hubert, J.C. (1962). A zircon-tourmaline-rutile maturity index and independence of heavy mineral assemblage with the gross composition of the texture. Sed. Petrol., 32(3), 16-32.
Kar, R., Baruah, H. and Phukan, S. (2017). Reflections from the compositional attributes of the Gondwana sandstones exposed in and around Kalijhora, Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India. Conference presentation at 7th International Science Congress, Bhutan.
Krumbein, W.C., Pettijohn, F.J. (1938). Manual of Sed. Petrol., Appleton Century Crofts, New York, 549p.
Lindholm, R.C. (1987). A Practical Approach to Sedimentology, Allen and Unwin Inc., 285p.
Mange, M.A. and Maurer, H.F.W. (1992). Heavy minerals in color, Chapman & Hall, London, 147p.
Mishra, D. and Tiwari, R.N. (2005). Provenance study of siliciclastic sediments, Jhura dome, Kachchh, Gujarat, Orissa. Jour. Geol. Society of India, 65, 703-714.
Morton, A.C. (1985a). Heavy minerals in provenance studies, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 249-278.
Morton, A.C. and Johnsson, M.J. (1993). Factors influencing the composition of detrital heavy mineral suites in Holocene sands of the Apure River drainage basin, Venezuela. In: Geol. Soc. of America, 171-185.
Nachaev, V.P. and Isphording, W.C. (1993). Heavy mineral assemblages of continental margins as indicators of plate tectonic environments. Sed. Petrol., 63 (6), 1110-1117.
Pettijohn, F.J. (1957). Sedimentary rocks, Harper and Row, Ist Edition, New York, 526p.
Pettijohn, F.J. (1984). Sedimentary rocks, CBS, New Delhi, 628p.
Poldervaart, A. (1955). Zircon in Rocks, Sedimentary Rocks, Amer. Sc., 254, 521-544.
Potter, P.E. and Pettijohn, F.J. (1963). Palaeocurrents and basin analysis, New York, Springer, 296p.
Prothero, D.R. and Schwab, F. (2004). Sedimentary Geology: An introduction to sedimentary rocks and stratigraphy, 2nd Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 557p.
Ramasamy, P. and Karikalan, R. (2010). Distribution and percentage of heavy minerals in Coastal Geomorphological Landforms in Palk Strait, Southeast Coast of India. Middle- East Jour. of Scientific Research, 5 (1), 49-53.
Rao, B.K., Ramaiah, J.S., Murthy, P.B. and Swamy, A.S.R. (1993). Studies on heavy minerals in the Krishna river basin. Indian Assoc. Sediment., 12, 79-88.
Roser, B.P. and Korsch, R.J. (1986). Determination of Tectonic Setting of Sandstone-Mudstone Suites Using SiO2 Content and K2O/Na2O Ratio. Geology, 94, 635-650.
Silva, M.G. and Vital, H. (2000). Provenance of heavy minerals in the Piranhas-ACU river, Northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Geociencias, 30 (3), 453-456.
Suttner, L.J. and DUTTA, P.K. (1986). Alluvial Sandstone composition and Palaeoclimate Framework Mineralogy. Sed.Petrol., 56, 329-345.
Van Andel, T.H. (1959). Reflections of the Interpretation of Heavy Mineral Analysis. Sed. Petrol., 29, 163-174.
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Published
2018-12-31
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Baruah, H., Kar, R., Phukan, S., Das, P. K., Deka, M., & Dey, T. (2018). Reflections from the heavy mineral distributions of some Gondwana basins of extra-peninsular India. Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists (peer Reviewed), 35(2), 59–81. Retrieved from http://journal.indiansedimentologists.com/ojs/index.php/1/article/view/41
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